1. Launch the DRAGEN Microbial Amplicon BaseSpace application.

2. Choose the analysis name and destination project to save results to.

3. Choose either Biosample or Project as input method. Selecting Project will result in all biosamples in the selected project being analyzed.

4. Choose the appropriate Amplicon Primer Set that matches the primer design used to prepare your samples or choose Custom to provide your own. See this page to learn more about the custom option.

5. If needed, uncheck the appropriate boxes to disable Pangolin and Nextclade analyses. These tools perform phylogenetic analysis and lineage assignment for SARS-CoV-2 (Pangolin) and other viruses (Nextclade). Depending on the chosen Amplicon Primer Set, these tools may not be applicable.

6. If needed, expand the Advanced Workflow Settings box to change default settings. Click on the "i" circle next to each setting for more information.

7. If needed, expand the Additional DRAGEN Command Line Arguments to provide additional arguments to default DRAGEN commands.

8. Click “Launch Application"

Overview

DRAGEN Microbial Amplicon is a software application designed to analyze sequencing data from amplicon library preps (both DNA and RNA) on microbiological samples, with an emphasis on viruses. Illumina sequencing reads are processed to generate consensus sequences that represent a best estimate of the population of viral sequences in each sample. Where appropriate, these consensus sequences are further analyzed by the phylogenetic analysis tools Nextclade and/or Pangolin to provide an identification of the clade or lineage of each sequence.

Input

Data can be provided in one of the following ways:

• Samples / biosamples with FASTQ datasets (see details in library preparation documents)

• A project containing one or more samples / biosamples with FASTQ datasets

  • All samples / biosamples in the selected project will be analyzed

Supported amplicon primer schemes

• Chikungunya

  • Grubaugh Lab

  • Illumina

• Dengue

  • Serotype 1 - Illumina

  • All serotypes - DengueSeq from Grubaugh Lab

• Influenza A/B - Universal

• Mpox

  • Pan-clade - ARTIC

  • Clade I - Illumina

  • Clade II - Grubaugh Lab

• RSV

  • CDC

  • WCCRRI

• SARS-CoV-2 - ARTIC

  • v5.4.2

  • v5.3.2, v4.1, v4, v3

• Zika - Grubaugh Lab

Custom genome and primer sets

Users can upload custom files to provide user-defined reference genome set and primer definitions. Multiplexed amplicon panels targeting multiple organisms in the same reaction are supported.

Pipeline steps

1. Trim and filter reads using Trimmomatic

2. Remove off-target reads using DRAGEN v4.3.6 kmer classifier (for custom reference, remove human reads using a modified version of the SRA Human Read Scrubber tool v2.2.1)

3. For organisms with one default reference genome, skip this step. For organisms with multiple candidates, trim primer sequences in reads using Trimmomatic, perform assembly using MEGAHIT, cluster contigs using CD-HIT-EST, map contigs to candidate reference genomes using minimap2, then select reference genomes based on the mapping

4. Align reads to the default reference genome or selected reference genomes using DRAGEN v4.3.6

5. Trim primer sequences in aligned reads based on coordinates

6. Filter out samples with insufficient amplicon coverage

7. Call sequence variants from the alignments using DRAGEN Somatic v4.3.6 and apply them to the corresponding reference genomes to create consensus sequences

8. If applicable, run Nextclade/Pangolin on the consensus sequences

Output

• Consensus sequences representing a best estimate of targeted sequences

• Tables and plots reporting read counts, coverage, and Nextclade/Pangolin results

Currently supported platforms

• BaseSpace Sequence Hub

Important Notes

• The sequences are labeled according to the best match in the reference database, which is not exhaustive and the labels should not be taken as definitive for strain-typing. If strain typing is needed, the built-in Nextclade and/or Pangolin tools can be used for supported organisms. Alternatively, a BLAST or similar search of nucleotide databases may provide a more detailed match.

• Because of sequence homology, it is possible that organisms with very few reads will result in the generation of a sequence not present (false positive). Although the de novo assembly step of this software largely mitigates such instances, sequences with very low horizontal coverage (< 5%) should be treated with caution.

In addition to the built-in options, DRAGEN Microbial Amplicon supports the use of custom reference genomes and primer definitions. These files must be uploaded to a BaseSpace Project before they can be used. See https://help.basespace.illumina.com/manage-data/import-data for more information about importing files into BaseSpace.

In the app input form, select the 'Custom' option for 'Amplicon Primer Set'. Then expand the 'Custom Reference' settings to provide the following:

• Custom Reference FASTA for Consensus Generation (required)

• Custom Reference BED (optional)

• Custom PCR Primer Definitions (optional)

Custom reference FASTA

If the 'Custom' option is selected for 'Amplicon Primer Set', the user must provide a custom FASTA file containing one or more reference sequences as the target for read alignment (and as the basis for generating consensus sequences). The software generates the required DRAGEN hash tables and other auxiliary files automatically, so there is no need to process the FASTA file with a separate app. Note that not all provided reference sequences in the FASTA file may be used for read alignment and consensus sequence generation.

Custom reference BED

Optionally, a reference BED file may be provided to add information about each reference sequence in the FASTA file, such as human-readable names to be used in the reports. For multi-segment genomes such as Influenza, this file assigns the segment name to each sequence, which allows the software to group individual segment sequences by genome. See the following page on the format of this file:

Custom PRC primer definitions

Optionally, a TSV file may be provided to define the primer sequences or binding locations, which are used for two purposes:

1. Primer sequences are trimmed from reads, which eliminates sequences that may come from the primer sequences themselves (which we do not want) from sequences contributed by the biological sample (which we do want). This reduces reference bias that can incorrectly lower the observed allele frequency of true sequence variants in primer binding sites.

2. Primer locations are used to define the amplicons expected from PCR reactions. The read coverage within the unique (non-overlapping) amplicon regions is used to determine whether each amplicon is reliably detected. The percentage of detected amplicons is used to determine whether sufficient material exists to accurately call variants and generate consensus sequences from the sample.

See the following pages for further information:

Nextclade datasets

Optionally, one or more Nextclade datasets can be selected to use for phylogenetic analysis of the consensus sequences generated from the samples. Every selected dataset will be applied to every consensus sequence generated in every sample.

A BED-like tab-separated value (TSV) file with no header row and with 4 or 5 columns:

1. accession: each sequence accession as it appears in Custom Reference FASTA heaer

2. start: start position (always set to 0)

3. end: end position (sequence length)

4. genome: full name of the virus the sequence belongs to (e.g. Influenza A H1N1)

5. (optional) segment: how this sequence is labeled within the virus (e.g. Segment 4 (HA)). Set to 'Full' if the sequence is the full genome

Guidelines

• This file affects how sequences are labeled in the output.

• Sequence names must match those in Custom Reference FASTA. The same set of sequences must appear in both.

• If there are multiple viruses, their names should be unique. For example, if there are multiple Influenza genomes, they should not be labeled with the same virus name in the 4th column.

• If the Custom Reference FASTA includes sequences from multiple segments, it is strongly recommended to provide this BED file. Otherwise, each segment will be treated independently and not all of them may be used as reference.

Example

Once the analysis completes, the "REPORTS" tab on BaseSpace enables users to view the Summary of the entire analysis, which summarizes results from all input samples, as well as individual Sample Report for each sample.

Analysis level

Analysis_Results/<analysisId>.report.html displays tables and plots that summarize results from all samples combined.

Sample level

An output directory named after each sample contains <sampleName>.html, which displays tables and plots specific to the sample. The HTML files are identical to the ones displayed in BaseSpace Reports.

Each sample directory also contains the following subdirectories and output files:

amplicon/

consensus/

contig/

map_align/

metrics/

nextclade/

pangolin/

variant_calling/

Infectious Disease and Microbiology software include powerful bioinformatics tools to analyze NGS data ranging from single microbial genomes to complex microbial communities of thousands of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. This comprehensive secondary analysis suite of tools supports target specific workflows such as amplicon and hybrid capture enrichment sequencing, to generalized microbiology methods like small WGS, shotgun sequencing, or 16S Amplicon. All tools are available on BaseSpace, with some available on On-board select Illumina Sequencers.

Click the links below to learn more about our currently-available infectious disease software products:

Amplicon sequencing, especially of RNA viruses, requires additional bioinformatics processing to ensure maximum quality of the resulting data.

In RT-PCR, a reverse transcriptase enzyme first generates cDNA molecules using the RNA molecules in the sample as templates, before amplifying the cDNA sequences using a DNA polymerase enzyme during PCR. These amplified cDNA sequences are then further processed to generate the sequencing libraries. Both of these enzymes can potentially introduce an incorrect base into a sequence, generating a position where the resulting sequence does not match the sequence in the sample -- that is, an error.

Reverse transcriptases exhibit error rates that are multiple orders of magnitude higher than those of DNA polymerases.

When large numbers of nucleic acid molecules are present in a reaction, these individual misincorporation errors are largely uncorrelated and appear at very low frequencies, so that they are typically ignored by variant callers.

However, when there is a small number of incoming nucleic acid molecules, such as for a low-titer sample, an error that occurs during the RT step or early in the PCR reaction can, as a result of sampling noise, be amplified to high frequencies in the resulting sequencing libraries. The variant caller may treat this error as a sequence variant, since it is a true sequence variant in the context of the library provided to the instrument. As a result, these artifactual sequence variants often have high allele frequency and quality scores, which makes them very difficult to detect, and appear in the final consensus sequence. While less common, it is also possible for a true sequence variant to have its allele frequency depressed by this same process (if the error results in a reversion to the reference sequence).

Since it is difficult to identify enzyme-introduced false variants after the fact, we instead take a preemptive approach of determining if there is sufficient sample material present before variant calling and consensus sequence generation in order to ensure data quality.

Specifically, the app calculates the number of amplicons with at least 1x coverage for at least 90% of the non-overlapping portion of the amplicon sequence. The 1x coverage threshold used here is fixed and independent of the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation which defaults to 10x. The number of amplicons that meet this threshold is then divided by the total number of amplicons expected in the experiment, which is the number of amplicons whose location falls in reference sequences selected for short read alignment. If the resulting percentage is at least 80%, the sample is considered to have sufficient material for accurate variant calling. If it is below this threshold, the sample is not processed further to avoid spurious variant calls. The user can override the 80% threshold in the "Minimum percentage of amplicons with at least 90% coverage ≥ 1x to enable variant calling and consensus sequence generation" control in the "Advanced Workflow Settings" section.

The threshold above was determined through data analysis using an experimentally-determined threshold corresponding to minimum concentration needed to produce reliable variant calls. We assumed that higher nucleic acid concentrations leads to a higher probability of amplifying each amplicon.

Q: Majority of my reads are removed in preprocessing as off-target reads. Is the amplicon panel working?

A: For many sample types, especially clinical, wastewater, or environmental samples, viral RNA or DNA makes up a tiny proportion of the total nucleic acids, with the remainder dominated by host or bacteria/archaea. Therefore, even with a dramatic increase of abundance over what you would obtain without targeted sequencing, the percentage of targeted reads can still be low.

Q: How is the default minimum read coverage depth of 10x applied? Is that averaged across the entire sequence?

A: The 10x threshold is applied per-nucleotide. Any positions below 10x coverage will be hard-masked with "N".

Q: Header lines in the consensus sequence FASTA files say “Panel reference sequences are not necessarily comprehensive and should not be used for strain typing.” What does this mean?

A: This message is to warn users that the sequence accession in the consensus genome does not necessarily reflect the true phylogeny of the organisms in the sample and should not be taken as such.

Because the app uses a limited set of reference sequences, the accession in the consensus sequence FASTA file headers (and coverage plots, etc) merely reflects the best match from that limited set. There may be sequences in RefSeq or elsewhere that are a closer match.

Q: Why does the "Detected Amplicons" column show 7 in the denominator for an Influenza genome when there should be 8 amplicons in total?

A: The denominator in the "Detected Amplicons" columns is based on the reference sequences selected based on de novo assembled contigs. Depending on the quality of the sample and/or reads, the assembler may not have enough data to generate a contig for some segments. Shorter segments are more likely to be missed. If only 7 segments are selected as reference for short read alignment, then we expect 7 amplicons in total. If you believe that the sample should contain all 8 segments, you can download the contig FASTA file from our report page and submit it to NCBI BLAST to see if all 8 segments are present in the contig sequences.

One known issue is that chimeric reads can be generated during library preparation, which can lead to chimeric contigs, where the contig sequence contains sequences from more than one segment. This can result in missing an entire segment in the reference selection stage. A workaround may be to filter out chimeric reads from your FASTQ files before running the app.

Alternatively, you can force the app to use all 8 segments of a particular Influenza genome by providing a custom reference FASTA file with all 8 segment sequences and a custom reference BED file with the genome column to set to the same value (e.g. Influenza A). This way, the app skips assembly and uses all 8 segments as the reference sequences for short read alignment.

Q: What is the difference between the "Detected Amplicons" and "% callable bases" columns?

A: The "Detected Amplicons" column shows the number of detected amplicons over the total number of expected amplicons. The percentage of detected amplicons is used to infer if the sample is of sufficient quality for variant calling. The "% callable bases" column shows the percentage of the selected reference genome whose bases are at or above the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation, which is computed independent of amplicons.

Both metrics are useful to assess the quality of the sample, but the percentage of detected amplicons is used by the app after short read alignment to filter out low-titer samples and the percentage of callable bases is not.

Q: I don't see the virus I'm interested in listed in the "Genomes generated" column. Does that mean the virus is not present?

A: Not necessarily. Your virus of interest may be present in the sample, but the app may not have generated a consensus sequence for it for various reasons.

One reason could be that there are too few reads coming from that virus. Tools like DRAGEN Metagenomics can be used to characterize what is in the sample more broadly.

Another reason could be that the virus in your sample is too divergent from the reference sequences used in the app. In such cases, we recommend downloading the contig FASTA file (if available) from our report page and submitting it to NCBI BLAST. If you do see a genome that matches your virus of interest, you can provide that to the app as a custom reference genome.

Q: I cannot find any contig FASTA files in the output, why?

A: De novo assembly is performed only if there are multiple candidate reference genomes, which is typically when there are multiple serotypes, strains, subtypes, or clades. This currently applies to the following Amplicon Primer Set options:

• Dengue Virus All Serotypes, 400-bp DengueSeq primers

• Influenza A, Universal primers

• Influenza B, Universal primers

• Influenza A and B, Universal primers

• Mpox All Clades, 2500-bp ARTIC-INRB v1 primers

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), CDC primers

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), WCCRRI primers

If a custom reference FASTA file is provided, assembly is performed if there are multiple sequences in the file. If a custom reference BED fils is also provided, assembly is performed if based on the BED file there are multiple genome-segment pairs (or multiple non-segmented full genomes). Otherwise, all sequences in the custom reference FASTA file are used as reference for short read alignment.

Q: I see both consensus sequence FASTA files and contig FASTA files. Which one is better?

A: In most cases, the consensus sequence FASTA file. Contig sequences are useful if the reference sequences used for consensus sequence generation were not the best match. They should be used with caution however because there is no filtering of base calls based on coverage or quality as done in consensus sequence generation.

Q: I am using the custom analysis workflow and my analysis aborted or shows an error, why?

A: It is most likely that the custom database was not formatted correctly. Below are requirements for the Custom Reference FASTA For Consensus Generation:

• Do not use Spaces in the file name, instead use an underscore "_"

• Do not exceed 25 characters in the file name

• File extension must be .fasta or .fa

• Do not exceed the file size limitation: 16GB for a single file or 25GB for multiple files

• Do not have duplicate entries

• If providing a Custom Reference BED and/or Custom PCR Primer Definitions in BED format, the names in the first column of the BED file (accession) must match the names that appear in the FASTA (text after > and before the first whitespace character).

Please see this page on general guidelines to upload data to BaseSpace for more details. If you continue having issues, reach out to techsupport@illumina.com.

1. Launch the DRAGEN Targeted Microbial BaseSpace application.

2. After choosing a name and destination project for the Analysis, choose either “Biosample” or “Project” as input type. Selecting “Project” will result in all biosamples in the selected project being analyzed.

3. Next, choose between Enrichment and Amplicon for Experiment Type. Libraries prepared with IMAP should be run as “Amplicon” experiments. Choose the appropriate Amplicon Primer Set that matches the primer design used to prepare your samples or choose “Custom” to provide your own genome references and primer designs. Note that all provided files must first be uploaded to a BaseSpace project before they can be selected in the software.

4. To use a custom reference and primer design, click the “Custom Reference” block to expand it.

5. At a minimum, the user must provide a custom genome reference containing one or more target sequences (to be used for alignment, variant calling and consensus generation) in the form of a FASTA file.

   1. Optionally, the user may provide a BED file that assigns human-readable names and segment numbers (if applicable) to each sequence in the provided FASTA file. Note that the accessions in the genome definition file must match the first part (before whitespace) of the FASTA headers. See the pages for “Genome Definition File Format Specification” in the “Supporting Information” section of this user guide for information on the required format of this file.

   2. Optionally, the user may provide a file containing the locations or sequences of the primers used to prepare this sample. These primer definitions are important to guide the trimming of primer sequence from reads that overlap the binding sites, as well as to define the boundaries of the amplicons whose coverage is used to determine if the sample has sufficient viral material to reliably call variants and generate consensus sequence.

   3. Optionally, the user may choose one or more NextClade datasets to use for phylogenetic analysis of the consensus sequences generated from the samples.

6. Check the appropriate boxes to enable or disable Pangolin and/or NextClade analysis if desired. These tools perform phylogenetic analysis and lineage assignment for SARS-CoV-2 (Pangolin) and other viruses (NextClade). Depending on the chosen Amplicon primer set, not all of these options may be applicable.

7. Click “Launch Application” to begin the Analysis.

Steps

Outcomes

The Sample Report contains at most four tabs: Sample QC, Virus Metrics, Nextclade Report, and Pangolin Report.

Sample QC

This tab contains tables and plots summarizing the sample.

Sample Summary Metrics

This table reports summary metrics for the sample, such as Status and Detected Amplicons. See for their definitions.

Pre-processing Metrics

This plot displays counts of reads that fall into different categories. See for their definitions.

Sequence Alignment

This plot displays the number of reads that mapped to each reference sequence. If there is a single reference sequence (e.g. SARS-CoV-2), one bar is shown.

Sequence Alignment Metrics

This table provides the number of reads that mapped to each reference sequence along with the genome and segment names of the reference sequence. The "Download CSV" button enables downloading the contents of the table as a text comma-separated value (CSV) file.

Virus Metrics

Metrics by Virus

This table summarizes results for each viral genome generated in the sample with each row corresponding to a single viral genome. For segmented viruses like Influenza, a row will summarize information across multiple sequences generated for a single viral genome.

At the top is the "Download CSV" button, which enables downloading the contents of the table as a text comma-separated value (CSV) file.

The table itself contains rows for every viral genome with at least one sequence generated in the sample with the following columns:

1. Virus: Name of the viral genome

   • For custom references, this will be the part of the FASTA header before the first whitespace character for the corresponding reference sequence if no custom genome definition file is provided. If a custom genome definition file is provided, this will be the value of the genomeName column

3. Median Coverage: Median coverage value (in number of reads overlapping each position) over the entire reference genome (not just the generated consensus sequence).

Metrics by Sequence

This table summarizes the results for each sequence generated in the sample. For segmented viruses like Influenza, there are typically multiple rows with the same virus name. Otherwise, this table contains similar information as the Metrics By Virus table.

At the top is the "Download CSV" button, which enables downloading the contents of the table as a text comma-separated value (CSV) file.

1. Virus: Name of the virus genome

2. Segment: Name of the segment to which the reference sequence corresponds. For non-segmented viruses, this is typically set to "Full".

3. Accession: Unique identifier of the reference sequence (text before first space in FASTA header if custom reference FASTA was provided)

5. Callable Bases: Number of bases in the reference sequence with coverage above the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation (10x by default)

6. Median Coverage: Median coverage value (in number of reads overlapping each position) over the entire reference genome (not just the generated consensus sequence).

7. Consensus Length: Length of the final consensus, without leading and trailing masked bases if sequence trimming is enabled. Sequence trimming can be disabled in the Input Form under Advanced Workflow Settings.

Consensus Coverage

Displays a trace of read coverage over each reference genome. On the top right is a drop-down menu that allows users to switch between genomes. The blue line represents the read coverage, with the coverage depth in log 10 of number of reads on the y-axis and the genomic position in the reference genome on the x-axis.

For segmented viruses like Influenza, coverage values for each segment is displayed in a horizontally stacked fashion. Grey blocks at the top show their boundaries.

Nextclade Report (optional)

Pangolin Report (optional)

If primer coordinates are known (recommended)

Provide a BED file with at least 4 columns: chrom, chromStart, chromEnd, primerName. Additional columns can be included: pool, strand, sequence, but their order must be maintained.

For example, chrom, chromStart, chromEnd, primerName, pool for 5-column BED format:

And chrom, chromStart, chromEnd, primerName, pool, strand, sequence for 7-column BED format:

If primer coordinates are unknown

Option 1. One line per amplicon with 3 columns: ampliconName, forwardSequence,reverseSequence.

Option 2. One line per primer with 3 columns: primerName, sequence, pool.

Formatting rules

• General

  • All text is case sensitive.

  • Any line starting with '#' is ignored. This can be used to add a header line with column names.

  • Every line must have the same number of columns and format (except those starting with '#').

  • Any number of spaces can separate the columns. A value within a single column should not have any space.

• BED format

  • Per standard BED conventions, sequence coordinates are given as 0-based, half-open intervals, such that the chromStart field (2nd column) contains the first nucleotide in the primer binding site and the last nucleotide in the primer binding site is the value in the chromEnd field (3rd column) minus 1.

  • chrom field must contain a sequence identifier that matches the header of the FASTA file containing the sequence that the coordinates are relative to.

  • Multiple sequence identifiers (chrom) are permitted within one file.

• Primer name

  • primerName must be unique and encode the name of the amplicon for which the primer is designed, the direction tag indicating which side of the amplicon, left or right, the primer belongs to, and an optional indicator that the primer is an alternative primer for that amplicon.

  • In addition to _LEFT and _RIGHT, we permit _L and _R as direction tags in primerName. Any text after the direction tag should be separated by an underscore.

  • Text in primerName before the direction tag is considered to be an amplicon identifier. Ensure that the text of the amplicon identifier is unique for that amplicon and that the direction tag occurs only once in primerName.

  • Each amplicon must have at least one left and right primer (including alternative primers) associated with it.

  • Alternative primers are used to bind to locations that avoid sequence variation in the default primer binding site that may disrupt hybridization. An amplicon may have an arbitrary number of alternative primers (as long as the primer name is unique), but most amplicons will have none. Alternative primers are indicated by the presence of the _alt after the direction tag in primerName, followed by optional text to distinguish between different alternative primers, such as a number.

  • Examples of valid primer names:

    • MY_SEQUENCE_434_A_LEFT

    • virus1_L

    • amplicon_4934m_RIGHT_alt

    • amplicon_4934m_RIGHT_alt1

    • amplicon_4934m_R_altprimerB

  • Examples of invalid primer names:

    • LEFT_MY_SEQUENCE_434_A

    • virus1_l

    • amplicon_4934m_RIGHT_L

The app produces a summary report as well as result reports for each of the samples analyzed. See the links below for a description of each.

A BED-like tab-separated value (TSV) file with no header row, consisting of the following columns:

1. chrom: each sequence name as it appears in Custom Reference FASTA

2. chromStart: start position (always set to 0)

3. chromEnd: end position (sequence length)

4. genomeName: full name of the virus the sequence belongs to (e.g. Monkeypox virus clade II)

5. (optional) segmentName: how this sequence is labeled within the virus (e.g. Segment 4 (HA)). Set to 'Full' if the sequence is the full genome

Guidelines

• This file affects how sequences are labeled in the output.

• Sequence names must match those in Custom Reference FASTA. The same set of sequences must appear in both.

• If there are multiple viruses, their names should be unique. For example, if there are multiple Influenza genomes, they should not be labeled with the same virus name in the 4th column.

• If the Custom Reference FASTA includes sequences from multiple segments, it is recommended to provide this BED file. Otherwise, each segment will be treated independently and not all of them may be used as reference.

Example

Q: After processing my sample with an enrichment panel, the majority of my reads are removed in preprocessing and/or I only have a small amount of viral reads. Is the enrichment panel working?

A: The enrichment protocols can create a several thousand fold increase in the abundance of the targeted viral species. However, it is important to keep in mind that in many sample types, especially clinical, wastewater, or environmental samples, viral RNA or DNA makes up a tiny proportion of the total nucleic acids present, with the remainder dominated by host (human) or bacteria/archaea. So even with a dramatic enrichment of abundance over what you would obtain without enrichment, the percentage of viral reads can still be low. E.g. you may have a sample with only 2% viral reads, but without enrichment you might have only obtained 0.1% viral reads. If it is low abundance after enrichment, it is likely extremely low abundance prior to enrichment.

Q: The contig default min coverage is 10x, but is that across the entire contig, median, average.. or?

A: The 10x threshold is applied per-nucleotide. Any positions below 10x coverage will be hard-masked with "N".

Q: In the demo data, I downloaded the consensus sequence FASTA file and each sequence line would say “Panel reference sequences are not necessarily comprehensive and should not be used for strain typing.” Does that mean even though VSP provide full-genome resolution of all 66 viruses, the app can only strain-type the strains listed because of the reference sequences the app uses?

A: Correct, we only align to a limited number of reference sequences for each virus type, so the sequence accession in the consensus genomes (and coverage plots, etc) merely reflects the best match chosen from that subset. There could be sequences in RefSeq that are a closer match. Furthermore, strain typing is not necessarily as simple as choosing the closest matching genome; there are further complexities that can go into it, and we have not systematically developed or tested any strain typing capability to date. The noted message is to warn users that the sequence accession in the consensus genome does not necessarily reflect the true phylogeny of the organisms in the sample and should not be taken as such.

Q: Why am I seeing some segments from one Influenza A subtype and some from another subtype? Does my sample contain both subtypes?

A: For each de novo assembled contig, we aim to find the best matching reference sequence rather than an entire reference genome. If the best match for one contig is a reference sequence from one subtype and the best match for another contig is a reference sequence from another subtype, then we will report them as such. This is not necessarily indicative of a mixed infection, reassortment, or error. It is usually reflective of how similar certain segments can be across different subtypes.

Influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes based on the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, which are encoded by segments 4 and 6, respectively. Therefore, we recommend focusing on those segments to infer the subtype. If there is a sequence generated from segment 8 of an H3N2 genome but all the rest of the consensus sequences are generated from reference sequences from an H1N1 genome (indicating H1 and N1 subtypes), then the sample likely contains H1N1, not H3N2. One possible explanation is that segment 8 from H1N1 and segment 8 from H3N2 were both good matches for a particular contig but the one from H3N2 was a slightly better match and therefore chosen as final reference. Similarly, if there is a sequence generated from segment 4 of an H1N1 genome (indicating H1 subtype) and a sequence generated from segment 6 of an H5N1 genome (indicating N1 subtype), then the sample likely contains H1N1, not H5N1.

Q: Why does the "Detected Amplicons" column show 7 in the denominator for an Influenza genome when there should be 8 amplicons in total?

A: The denominator in the "Detected Amplicons" columns is based on the reference sequences selected based on de novo assembled contigs. Depending on the quality of the sample and/or reads, the assembler may not have enough data to generate a contig for some segments. Shorter segments are more likely to be missed. If only 7 segments are selected as final reference for short read alignment, then we expect 7 amplicons in total. If you believe that the sample should contain all 8 segments, you can download the contig FASTA file from our report page and submit it to NCBI BLAST to see if all 8 segments are present in the contig sequences.

One known issue is that chimeric reads can be generated during library preparation, which can lead to chimeric contigs, where the contig sequence contains sequences from more than one segment. This can result in missing an entire segment in the reference selection stage. A workaround may be to filter out chimeric reads from your FASTQ files before running the app.

Alternatively, you can force the app to use all 8 segments of a particular Influenza genome by providing a custom reference FASTA file with all 8 segment sequences and a custom reference BED file with the genomeName column to set to the same value (e.g. Influenza A). This way, the app will not perform assembly and use all 8 segments as the reference sequences for short read alignemnt.

Q: What is the difference between the "Detected Amplicons" and "% callable bases" columns?

A: The "Detected Amplicons" column shows the number of amplicons detected over the total number of amplicons expected for that genome. The percentage of amplicons detected is used to infer if the sample is of sufficient quality for variant calling. The "% callable bases" column shows the percentage of the selected reference genome whose bases are above the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation, which is computed independent of amplicon coordinates. Both metrics are useful to assess the quality of the sample, but the percentage of detected amplicons is used by the app after short read alignment to filter out low-titer samples and the percentage of callable bases is not.

Q: I don't see the virus I'm interested in listed in the "Genomes generated" column. Does that mean the virus is not present in my sample?

A: Not necessarily. Your virus of interest may be present in the sample, but the app may not have generated a consensus sequence for it for various reasons. One reason could be that there are too few reads coming from that virus. Tools like DRAGEN Metagenomics can be used to characterize what is in the sample more broadly. Another reason could be that the virus in your sample is too divergent from the reference sequences used in the app. In such cases, we recommend downloading the contig FASTA file from our report page and submitting it to NCBI BLAST. If you do see a sequence that matches your virus of interest, you can provide that sequence to the app as a custom reference genome.

Q: I am using the custom analysis workflow and my analysis aborted or shows an error, why?

A: While there may be quite a few causes for the analysis to fail, some of the most common cases are that the custom database was not formatted correctly. Below are requirements for the Custom Reference FASTA For Consensus Generation:

• Do not use Spaces in the file name, instead use an underscore "_"

• Do not exceed 25 characters in the file name

• File extension must be .fasta or .fa

• Do not exceed the file size limitation: 16GB for a single file or 25GB for multiple files

• Do not have duplicate entries

• If providing a Custom Reference BED and/or Custom PCR Primer Definitions in BED format, the names in the first column of the BED file (chrom) must match the names that appear in the FASTA (text after > and before the first whitespace character) Please see this link on general guidelines to upload data to BaseSpace for more details: https://help.basespace.illumina.com/manage-data/import-data If you continue having issues, reach out to techsupport@illumina.com

1. For version 1.1 and later, consensus FASTA files generated for each sample, virus, and reference sequence incorrectly contain soft-masked sequences instead of hard-masked sequences. To get hard-masked sequences, use {sample_name}.consensus_hard_masked_sequence.fa or convert lowercase nucleotides to "N".

Amplicon sequencing, especially of RNA viruses, requires additional bioinformatics processing to ensure maximum quality of the resulting data.

In RT-PCR, a reverse transcriptase enzyme first generates cDNA molecules using the RNA molecules in the sample as templates, before amplifying the cDNA sequences using a DNA polymerase enzyme during PCR. These amplified cDNA sequences are then further processed to generate the sequencing libraries. Both of these enzymes can potentially introduce an incorrect base into a sequence, generating a position where the resulting sequence does not match the sequence in the sample -- that is, an error.

Reverse transcriptases exhibit error rates that are multiple orders of magnitude higher than those of DNA polymerases.

When large numbers of nucleic acid molecules are present in a reaction, these individual misincorporation errors are largely uncorrelated and appear at very low frequencies, so that they are typically ignored by variant callers.

However, when the number of incoming nucleic acid molecules is small, such as for a low-titer virus sample, an error that occurs during the RT step or early in the PCR reaction can, as a result of sampling noise, be amplified to high frequencies in the resulting sequencing libraries. When the variant caller encounters such a position, it will be treated as a sequence variant, since it is a true sequence variant in the context of the library provided to the instrument. As a result, these artifactual sequence variants often have high allele frequency and very good quality scores, which makes them very difficult to detect and remove. This can result in a false positive variant call that, at a sufficiently high allele frequency, will also be incorporated into the consensus sequence. It is also possible for a true sequence variant to have its allele frequency depressed by this same process (if the error results in a reversion to the reference sequence), but this is much less common.

Since it is difficult to identify enzyme-introduced false variants after the fact, we instead take a pre-emptive approach to ensuring data quality. As noted above, sampling noise as a function of molecular abundance is the mechanism responsible for boosting of the frequency of individual enzymatic errors into artifactual variants, and therefore the magnitude of this effect is largely a function of the concentration of the nucleic acids in the reaction. Therefore, the software first attempts to determine whether there is sufficient sample material present before proceeding with variant calling and consensus sequence generation.

To determine this, the software takes advantage of the fact that the probability of each amplicon being amplified is a function of the nucleic acid concentration, with higher concentrations leading to a higher probability of amplification. By counting the observed proportion of amplicons with detectable sequence coverage, we can estimate this probability and compare it to an experimentally-determined threshold that corresponds to the minimum concentration needed to produce reliable variant calls.

To compute this, we calculate the number of amplicons with at least 1x coverage for at least 90% of the non-overlapping portion of the amplicon sequence. The 1x coverage threshold used here is fixed and independent of the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation which defaults to 10x. The number of amplicons that meet this threshold is then divided by the total number of amplicons in the experiment, which is the number of amplicons whose location falls in reference sequences selected for short read alignment. If the resulting fraction is at least 80%, the sample is considered to have sufficient material for accurate variant calling and the variant calling and consensus sequence generation steps are performed. If it is below this threshold, the sample is not processed further to avoid spurious variant calls. The user can override the 80% threshold in the "Minimum percentage of amplicons with at least 90% coverage ≥ 1x to enable variant calling and consensus sequence generation" control in the "Advanced Workflow Settings" section. See App Settings.

For each sample, the pipeline generates a directory named after the sample. This directory contains the following subdirectories:

• consensus/

  • {sample_name}_sample_consensus.fasta : Contains all hard-masked consensus sequences for the sample. Regions with coverage below minimum coverage depth for consensus sequence generation (10x by default) are considered not callable and are therefore “hard-masked” with letter N. Variant calling is not applied to these regions. If the user selected specific VSP or RVOP organisms to be reported, this file excludes consensus sequences that are generated but do not belong to the selected organisms.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_hard_masked_sequence.fa : Identical to {sample_name}_sample_consensus.fasta, except for sequence headers. Moreover, even if the user selected specific VSP or RVOP organisms to be reported, this file contains all consensus sequences, including those that do not belong to the selected organisms

  • {sample_name}.consensus_soft_masked_sequence.fa : Identical to {sample_name}.consensus_hard_masked_sequence.fa, except low-coverage regions are “soft-masked” with lower-case letters that match the reference. Variant calling is not performed in these regions.

  • {sample_name}{virus_name}_virus_consensus.fasta : Contains hard-masked consensus sequences generated for a particular virus. If the virus is not segmented (i.e. one reference sequence for the virus), this file contains a single sequence and is identical to {sample_name}{virus_name}{segment_name}{sequence_accession} consensus.fasta.

  • {sample_name}_{virus_name}_{segment_name}_{sequence_accession}_consensus.fasta : Contains a hard-masked consensus sequence generated with a particular reference sequence.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_from_vcf.log : Log file generated during consensus sequence generation.

• contig/

  • {sample_name}_sample_contig.fasta : Contains all de novo assembled contigs generated for the sample.

  • {sample_name}_unmapped_contig.fasta : Contains de novo assembled contigs that could not be mapped to any reference sequence. Because de novo assembly is reference-free, these contigs may correspond to sequences that are too diverged from those in the reference database or sequences not included in the database.

  • {sample_name}_{virus_name}_virus_contig.fasta : Contains de novo assembled contigs that mapped to a particular virus.

  • {sample_name}_{virus_name}_{segment_name}_{sequence_accession}_contig.fasta : Contains de novo assembled contigs that mapped to a particular reference sequence, which resulted in choosing the reference sequence for short-read alignment and generating {sample_name}_{virus_name}_{segment_name}_{sequence_accession}_consensus.fasta.

  • {sample_name}_reference_selection.log : Log file generated during reference selection.

• map_align/

  • {sample_name}_unfiltered_tumor.bam or {sample_name}_unfiltered_tumor_primertrim_with_unmapped_reads.bam : Short reads mapped to all selected reference sequences. If a primer set is available and properly mapped to the reference sequences, {sample_name}_unfiltered_tumor_primertrim_with_unmapped_reads.bam is provided as output. Its reads have primer sequences trimmed based on primer binding site coordinates.

  • {sample_name}-unmapped_S1_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz, {sample_name}-unmapped_S1_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz : Short reads that do not map to any selected reference sequences. These may be used to find organisms not reported by the pipeline.

• variant_calling/

  • {sample_name}.consensus_filtered_variants.vcf.gz : Contains variant calls that passed consensus filter and were therefore applied to consensus sequences. They are a subset of variants listed in {sample_name}.hard-filtered.vcf.gz.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_filtered_variants_vcf_stats.txt : Summarizes all variant calls in {sample_name}.consensus_filtered_variants.vcf.gz. Outputted by bcftools stats.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_filtered_variants_summary.csv : Describes each variant call in {sample_name}.consensus_filtered_variants.vcf.gz.

  • {sample_name}.hard-filtered.vcf.gz : Contains all variant calls.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_input_vcf_stats.txt : Summarizes all variant calls in {sample_name}.hard-filtered.vcf.gz. Outputted by bcftools stats.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_all_variants_summary.csv : Describes each variant call in {sample_name}.hard-filtered.vcf.gz.

• metrics/

  • {sample_name}_num_reads.tsv : Reports number of input reads, reads filtered out at each pre-processing step, reads mapped to each selected reference sequence, etc.

  • {sample_name}_metadata.json : Reports parameters, read counts, amplicon counts, analysis results, and other metadata.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_metrics.csv : Reports consensus metrics (e.g. total length of pre-trimmed sequence, fraction of masked bases, number of callable bases) for each generated consensus sequence

  • {sample_name}.consensus_coverage_from_filtered_bam.tsv : Reports base-pair-resolution read coverage for all reference sequences based on short-read map/align step. Its three columns correspond to: chrom/accession, base position, coverage.

  • {sample_name}.consensus_callable_regions_from_filtered_bam.bed : Reports callable regions in all reference sequences based on base-pair-resolution read coverage and minimum coverage depth for consensus sequence generation (10x by default). Bases outside of these regions are masked in consensus FASTA.

• amplicon/

  • {sample_name}_processed_non_overlapping_amplicon.bed : Lists all non-overlapping amplicon regions (i.e. covered with exactly one amplicon). If a custom primer set is provided, this file also lists selected reference sequences lacking amplicons. While amplicons are defined based on primer binding sites, for viruses like Influenza, reference sequences often lack primer binding sites, which are located at sequence ends. This results in defining fewer or sometimes no amplicons for an entire viral genome. To avoid this, each reference sequence without any amplicons defined is considered an amplicon and is listed in this file. All regions in this file are used for amplicon detection to infer sample concentration and determine if it is sufficient to apply variant calling and consensus sequence generation.

  • {sample_name}_calculate_amplicon_coverage.csv : Reports coverage metrics (e.g. median coverage, fraction of bases with at least 1x coverage) for each non-overlapping amplicon region listed in {sample_name}_ processed_non_overlapping_amplicon.bed.

  • {sample_name}_generate_all_primer_bed.log : Log file generated while defining amplicons for selected reference sequences and writing relevant BED files.

• tertiary/

  • nextclade_{sample_name}_{sequence_accession}_{dataset_name}.csv : CSV output file generated by NextClade given a consensus sequence (generated with the specified sequence as reference) and a NextClade dataset.

  • nextclade_{sample_name}_{sequence_accession}_{dataset_name}.tsv : Same as nextclade_{sample_name} _{sequence_accession}_{dataset_name}.csv except in TSV format.

  • nextclade_{sample_name}_{sequence_accession}_{dataset_name}.json : Same as nextclade_{sample_name} _{sequence_accession}_{dataset_name}.csv except in JSON format.

  • nextclade_{sample_name}_{sequence_accession}_{dataset_name}_log.txt : Log file generated by NextClade given a consensus sequence (generated with the specified sequence as reference) and a NextClade dataset.

  • pangolin_{sample_name}_{sequence_accession}_lineage_report.csv : CSV output file generated by Pangolin given a consensus sequence (generated with the specified sequence as reference) as input.

  • pangolin_{sample_name}_{sequence_accession}_log.txt : Log file generated by Pangolin given a consensus sequence (generated with the specified sequence as reference) as input.

• reference/

  • reference.bed : Describes all reference sequences. If a custom reference was provided, sequence names may appear different in this BED file.

  • reference.json : Same as reference.bed but with more detail. If any of the sequences were renamed during the pipeline, this file provides the mapping between the original and renamed versions.

Summary results

Sample Composition

The Sample Composition bargraphs show the proportion of reads classified to six broad categories for of all samples in the analysis run: Targeted Microbial, Untargeted, Ambiguous, Unclassified, Low Complexity, and Targeted Internal Control (RPIP, UPIP, VSP V2 only).

Summary Statistics

The Summary Statistics table summarizes sample QC metrics for all samples in the analysis run. Further details on each metric can be found by hovering over each column header.

Per sample results

Individual sample results can be further explored by clicking on "Report" under each sample name in the panel on the left. There are four tabs in the Sample Report: Sample Quality Control, Microorganisms, Antimicrobial Resistance Markers, and User Options.

1. Sample Quality Control

• Version Information is a table with the application version, test type, and test version that were run. Running the latest version of the application is recommended.

• Sample Composition is a bargraph showing the proportion of post-quality reads classified to six broad categories for the sample (RPIP, UPIP, VSP V2 only).

• Read Classification is a dynamic plot that can be configured to show the following (RPIP, UPIP, VSP V2 only):

  • Targeted Microbial Reads - Relative (default): Bargraph of post-quality targeted microbial reads belonging to Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Parasite and AMR categories, relative to post-quality targeted microbial reads only. Percentages are expected to sum to 100%. Hover over an individual bar to display the values.

  • Targeted Microbial Reads - Absolute: Bargraph of post-quality targeted microbial reads belonging to Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Parasite and AMR categories for all post-quality reads in the sample overall. Hover over an individual bar to display the values.

  • Untargeted Reads - Relative: Bargraph of post-quality untargeted reads belonging to untargeted categories, relative to post-quality untargeted reads only. Percentages are expected to sum to 100%. Hover over an individual bar to display the values.

  • Untargeted Reads - Absolute: Bargraph of post-quality untargeted reads belonging to untargeted categories for all post-quality reads in the sample overall. Hover over an individual bar to display the values.

    **Note that accurate sample composition and read classification results rely on selecting the correct enrichment panel. If you run an analysis that is not specific to the enrichment panel (e.g., VSP V2 analysis with VSP-enriched samples), reads from high background viruses that are not targeted by VSP probes (e.g., Measles virus) but that are targeted by VSP V2 probes will be reported as targeted viral reads.

• Internal Controls is a table containing supported Internal Control options along with observed RPKM values (RPIP, UPIP, VSP V2 only).

• QC Metrics is a table containing sample QC metrics. Dehosting refers to human reads only.

2. Microorganisms

• Microorganism results are summarized in tables, separated by type (Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites). Each table includes whether the microorganism is predicted present in the sample, as well as various alignment metrics. Further details on each metric can be found by hovering over each column header. The best-match Reference Accession(s) are provided for all RPIP, RVOP/RVEK, VSP, and VSP V2 viruses in the Viruses table. To see all best-match Reference Accession(s), click on the three dots (...) in the table and scroll down the page.

• Reference Coverage is a dynamic plot showing the coverage depth across the viral genome for detected RPIP, RVOP/RVEK, VSP, and VSP V2 viruses. Select a virus from the dropdown list to view the coverage plot. Segments are concatenated for segmented viruses, and the targeted regions of the viral genome are indicated for RPIP viruses.

3. Antimicrobial Resistance Markers

• Viral AMR (Variants) is a table with viral AMR variant results for Influenza A/B viruses (RPIP, RVOP/RVEK, VSP, and VSP V2 only)

• Bacterial AMR (Genes) is a table witb bacterial AMR gene results (RPIP, UPIP only)

• Bacterial AMR (Variants) is a table with bacterial AMR variant results (RPIP, UPIP only)

4. User Options

The User Options table summarizes user options selected during launch of the analysis.

1. Launch the DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus BaseSpace app, which can be found in the "Dragen" and "Infectious Disease + Microbiology" app collections.

2. Enter a name for the Analysis.

3. Choose either “Biosample” or “Project” as input type. When a Project is selected, the app will attempt to find all FASTQ files in that Project and run analyses on them. There is no FASTQ file limitation when reading Biosamples from a Project. However, 99 associated FASTQ files is the maximum allowed per analysis when providing Biosample input from a list.

4. Select a target-capture Enrichment Panel for the appropriate analysis options and default settings to populate. Only one enrichment panel can be selected per analysis. If Custom Panel is selected, the "Custom panel specification" section is enabled to allow entry of a reference FASTA file and (optionally) a reference BED file. See Custom reference FASTA and BED files for further details.

5. Under "Enrichment Panel Microorganism Reporting List", select from the available list to report All microorganisms (default), specify a Pre-defined subset of microorganisms (RPIP, UPIP only), or specify a User-defined microorganism reporting list and reporting thresholds.

   • If Pre-defined is selected, the Pre-defined specification section is enabled to allow specification of a pre-defined subset of microorganisms for the selected Enrichment Panel. This option is only available for RPIP and UPIP.

   • If User-defined is selected, the User-defined specification section is enabled to allow entry of a microorganism reporting list and reporting thresholds file in TSV or XLSX format. See Microorganism Reporting File format for further details.

6. Analysis Options:

• Perform read QC (Quality Control)

  • If checked, reads are pre-processed using quality metrics before analysis.

  • If unchecked, read quality metrics are calculated, but reads are not trimmed or filtered before analysis.

• Report bacterial AMR markers only

  • If checked, only bacterial AMR markers but no microorganisms are reported

  • This option is disabled if RVOP/RVEK, VSP, VSP V2 or Custom Panel is selected

  • This option is disabled if the "Report bacterial AMR markers only when an associated microorganism is reported" option is enabled

• Report bacterial AMR markers only when an associated microorganism is reported

  • If checked, detected bacterial AMR markers are reported if the bacterial AMR marker passes a minimum reporting threshold and one or more associated microorganisms are also detected and reported

  • If unchecked, detected bacterial AMR markers are reported if the bacterial AMR marker passes a minimum reporting threshold

  • This option is disabled if RVOP/RVEK, VSP, VSP V2 or Custom Panel is selected

• Report microorganisms and/or AMR markers that are below threshold

  • If checked, microorganisms and/or AMR markers below reporting thresholds are included in reports

  • If unchecked, only microorganisms and/or AMR markers above reporting thresholds are included in reports

  • This option is disabled if Custom Panel is selected

  • This option is disabled if the "Report bacterial AMR markers only when an associated microorganism is reported" option is enabled

1. Specify "Read classification sensitivity". This setting is used as a pre-alignment filtering step for RVOP/RVEK, VSP, and VSP V2 only. The default setting of 5 means that if less than 5 reads classify to the set of reference sequences belonging to a given virus, that virus will not be reported. On the other hand, if 5 or more reads classify to the set of reference sequences belonging to a given virus, read alignment will proceed and alignment-based thresholds will be used to determine whether that virus is reported. The read classification sensitivity can be set as low as 1 or as high as 1000. Lowering the read classification sensitivity threshold below 5 may significantly increase computational run time and is not recommended for most use cases.

2. Pangolin is currently enabled for all enrichment panels besides UPIP. For Custom Panel analyses, Pangolin will run on custom reference sequences with at least 3% coverage that meet these naming conventions:

   • If only a FASTA file is provided, Pangolin will run on sequences that have a header containing either SARS-CoV-2 or NC_045512

   • If both a FASTA and BED file are provided, Pangolin will run on sequences where the first column (chrom) contains NC_045512 or the fourth column (genomeName) contains SARS-CoV-2

3. Optionally, enable Nextclade to run when one of the following microorganisms is detected (RPIP, RVOP/RVEK, VSP, VSP V2 only):

   • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

   • Influenza A virus (H1N1)

   • Influenza A virus (H3N2)

   • Influenza A virus (H5N1)

   • Influenza A virus (H5N6)

   • Influenza A virus (H5N8)

   • Influenza B virus (B/Victoria/2/87-like)

   • Influenza B virus (B/Yamagata/16/88-like)

   • Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)

   • Human respiratory syncytial virus A (HRSV-A)

   • Human respiratory syncytial virus B (HRSV-B)

   • Monkeypox virus (MPV)

   • Measles virus (MV)

   • Dengue virus (DENV), Dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1), Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2), Dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3), Dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4)

4. Select a quantitative Internal Control (IC) from the available list (RPIP, UPIP, VSP V2 only). If the quantitative IC is set to NONE, which is the default, the IC concentration value is ignored. For VSP V2, the only valid quantitative IC selections are:

   • NONE

   • Enterobacteria phage T7

   • Escherichia virus T4

   • Escherichia Virus MS2

   • Armored RNA Quant Internal Process Control

5. Enter Internal Control (IC) concentration as an integer in the following scientific notation format: "#.## x 10^#". **An incorrect quantitative IC or incorrect IC concentration will result in inaccurate microorganism absolute quantification results.

6. Select the Project where the Analysis Output should be saved.

In addition to the built-in options, DRAGEN Targeted Microbial supports the use of custom reference genomes and primer definitions. These files must be uploaded to a BaseSpace Project before they can be used. See https://help.basespace.illumina.com/manage-data/import-data for more information about importing files into BaseSpace. These files can be used for both Enrichment and Amplicon libraries, when choosing the 'Custom' option for 'Enrichment Panel' or 'Amplicon Primer Set', respectively. Expand the 'Custom Reference' settings block to access the options for custom files. The following controls are applicable to the specified experiment type:

Custom Enrichment Panel

• Custom Reference FASTA for Consensus Generation (required)

• Custom Reference BED (optional)

Custom Amplicon Primer Set

• Custom Reference FASTA for Consensus Generation (required)

• Custom Reference BED (optional)

• Custom PCR Primer Definitions (optional)

Custom genome references

The user may provide one or more reference genomes as the target for read alignment (and as the basis for generating consensus sequences). At a minimum, the user must provide a FASTA file containing the sequences of the reference genomes. The software will generate the required DRAGEN hash tables and other auxiliary files automatically, so there is no need to process the FASTA file with a separate app. Use the 'Custom Reference FASTA for Consensus Generation' control to select the previously-uploaded FASTA file containing the reference sequences.

Optionally, a genome definition BED file may also be provided, which tells the software more information about each sequence, such as a human-readable common name to be used in the reports. For multi-segment genomes such as Influenza, the genome definition file provides the segment name of each sequence and indicates that all the segments of a single genome belong together. Use the 'Custom Reference BED' control to select the previously-uploaded BED file containing the genome definition. See the following page for a description of the format of the genome definition file:

Custom primer sets

For amplicon experiments, the user may optionally provide a file that defines the primer sequences or locations. The primers defined in this file are used for two purposes:

1. The primer binding locations are used to trim reads, which eliminates sequence data that may be contributed by the primer sequences themselves (which we do not want) from sequence data contributed by the sample (which we do want). This is important to avoid reference bias that can depress the observed allele frequency of sequence variants in primer binding sites.

2. The primers are matched to define the boundaries of the expected amplicons resulting from the PCR reaction. The read coverage within the unique (non-overlapping) regions of these amplicons is used to determine whether or not each amplicon is reliably observed. The fraction of observed amplicons is a function of the concentration of the sample, and is used to determine whether or not sufficient material exists within the sample to reliably and accurately call variants and generate a consensus sequence. See this page for a more in-depth discussion:

Use the 'Custom PCR Primer Definitions' control to select the previously-uploaded primer definition file. The allowed formats for this file are described here:

Required custom input based on reference type for amplicon experiments

Metrics by Sample Table

At the top of the report, after the app version display, is the Metrics by Sample table which provides a top-line summary of each of the analyzed samples.

The first element is a button that will trigger downloading of a FASTA-formatted file containing all consensus sequences generated across all samples.

The "Download CSV" button allows for downloading the contents of the table as a text comma-separated value (CSV) file. Note that for fields with multiple entries, these entries will be combined as a semicolon-separated list in the corresponding fields in the CSV file.

Next is the table itself, which contains one row per sample. The various genomes generated for each sample are nested as sub-rows within this row.

The table contains one row per sample and the following columns:

1. Sample: The name of the BaseSpace sample analyzed. The sample name is a clickable link that will take you directly to the Result Report for that sample.

2. Detected Amplicons (only if 'Experiment Type' is set to 'Amplicon'): The number of amplicons detected over the total number of amplicons expected for that sequence. The percentage of amplicons detected is used to to determine if the sample is sufficient quality for variant calling. See Special considerations for amplicon sequencing with IMAP protocols for more details.

3. Num genomes: The number of genomes chosen during the reference selection stage of the pipeline

4. Genomes generated: The names of each genome chosen during the reference selection stage. If the percentage of callable bases (callable bases are defined as genomic positions with read coverage above the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation, 10x by default) for a genome is below the minimum percentage of consensus sequence generated to label as confident (5% by default), the cell is highlighted in yellow to indicate that there is only marginal evidence that the indicated genome is present in the sample and should be treated with caution. For amplicon experiments, if the sample is considered to have insufficient titer for VC because the percentage of detected amplicons is below the minimum percentage required for reliable variant calling (80% by default), cells are highlighted in orange. For genomes for which a consensus sequence was generated, clicking on the name of that genome initiates a download of a FASTA file containing the consensus sequences of that genome only.

5. % callable bases: The percentage of the selected reference genome whose bases are considered "callable." Callable bases are those for which reliable variant calling can be performed and therefore for which the software can output a base call. Callable bases are defined as genomic positions with read coverage above the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation (10x by default). Note that genomic positions below the confidence threshold are hard-masked with "N" characters to avoid reference bias (inclusion of a reference base when the actual base cannot be accurately determined). Note that this percentage is calculated over the lengths of the reference genome(s), not the reported consensus sequence(s).

6. Status: The overall outcome of the analysis for this virus

   1. Full analysis (consensus, VC) means that the sample analysis completed normally, that a sufficient number of amplicons were detected to ensure reliable variant calling (amplicon experiments only), and that the percentage of callable bases was above the minimum percentage of consensus sequence generated to label as confident (5% by default)

   2. Low confidence means that there is at lease one callable base but the overall percentage of callable bases was below the minimum percentage of consensus sequence generated to label as confident (5% by default)

   3. No callable bases indicates that zero positions in the indicated reference genome were callable and no consensus sequence is therefore provided.

   4. Insufficient titer for VC will only be present for an amplicon experiment and indicates that the number of detected amplicons was below the minimum percentage (default 80%) required for reliable variant calling. See Special considerations for amplicon sequencing with IMAP protocols for more details.

7. Consensus FASTA: This column contains links to download a FASTA-formatted text file containing all of the consensus genomes generated for a sample. If no consensus genomes were generated for a sample, this column contains "N/A."

8. Input read count: The number of reads (or read pairs / clusters for paired-end samples) in the sample.

9. Mapped read count: The number of reads that could be mapped to any reference genome.

10. Unmapped reads: Displays buttons that initiate downloads of gzipped FASTQ files containing reads that could not be mapped to any reference genomes.

11. Raw Contigs: Displays a button that initiates a download of a FASTA file containing all contigs generated during the de novo assembly step of the pipeline. If a contig could be mapped to a reference genome the contig name contains information about the reference genome they aligned to.

Pangolin Report (optional)

This table contains the results of the Pangolin analysis performed on the generated consensus sequences across all samples. Pangolin is run if the "Enable Pangolin" box is checked on the input form and one of the following is true:

• 'Enrichment Panel' is set to a non-custom panel (e.g. VSP) and a consensus sequence was generated using SARS-CoV-2 as reference

• 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to a non-custom set with SARS-CoV-2 as reference (e.g. SARS-CoV-2, ARTIC v5.3.2 primers) and a valid consensus sequence was generated

• Either 'Enrichment Panel' or 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to 'Custom'. In this case, Pangolin is applied to every consensus sequence generated for the sample since the software assumes all of them to be potentially SARS-CoV-2 sequences.

The Pangolin report contains a "Download CSV" button which allows the user to download the contents of the report as a text CSV file.

The table in the Pangolin report is derived from the output of the Pangolin software. Please see the Pangolin documentation for more details: https://cov-lineages.org/resources/pangolin/output.html. Sequences with a bad Pangolin QC status are highlighted in yellow.

NextClade Report (optional)

This table contains the results of the NextClade analysis performed on the generated consensus sequences across all samples. NextClade is run if the "Enable NextClade" box is checked on the input form and one of the following is true:

• 'Enrichment Panel' is set to a non-custom panel (e.g. VSP) and a consensus sequence was generated using a reference with NextClade dataset available.

• 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to a non-custom set with a reference with NextClade dataset available (e.g. SARS-CoV-2, ARTIC v5.3.2 primers) and a valid consensus sequence was generated.

• Either 'Enrichment Panel' or 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to 'Custom' and one or more NextClade datasets are selected under 'Custom Reference'. In this case, each of the selected NextClade datasets is applied to each consensus sequence generated for the sample. This may result in multiple NextClade results for each consensus sequence, some of which may not be meaningful (e.g. "flu_h1n1pdm_ha" dataset applied to a NA segment of an Influenza genome).

The NextClade Report contains a button labeled "Group table by" with a drop-down menu allowing the user to group the results by various fields, including "None". The default is "Dataset" which means that all of the results for each NextClade dataset will be grouped together. For example, if a user is only interested in phylogenetic analysis performed on the HA segment of Influenza A H1N1, these results for each sample can be viewed together in the "flu_h1n1pdm_ha" collapsible group.

The NextClade report also contains a "Download CSV" button which allows the user to download the contents of the report as a text CSV file.

The table in the NextClade report is derived from the output of the NextClade software. Please see the NextClade documentation for more details: https://docs.nextstrain.org/projects/nextclade/en/stable/user/output-files/04-results-tsv.html. Sequences with a bad NextClade QC status are highlighted in yellow.

The Summary contains at most three tabs: Summary Report, Nextclade Report, and Pangolin Report.

Summary Report

Metrics By Sample

This table provides a top-line summary of each of the analyzed samples.

At the top is the "Download CSV" button, which enables downloading the contents of the table as a text comma-separated value (CSV) file.

Next is the table itself, which contains one row per sample and the following columns:

1. Sample: Name of the BaseSpace sample analyzed

2. Status: Status of the sample analysis

3. Input Reads: Total number of reads in input FASTQs

4. Mapped Reads: Number of reads that map to reference sequences during short read alignment

5. Detected Amplicons: Proportion of amplicons detected out of the total expected for the sample, which is used to to determine if the sample is sufficient quality for variant calling. See this page for more details.

6. Num Genomes: Number of genomes chosen during the reference selection stage

7. Virus: Name of the genome to which the reference sequence belongs

8. % Callable: Percentage of bases in the reference sequence with coverage above the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation (10x by default)

   • Callable bases are those for which reliable variant calling can be performed and therefore for which the software can output a base call. They are defined as genomic positions with read coverage above the minimum read coverage depth for consensus sequence generation (10x by default).

   • When generating consensus sequences, genomic positions below the threshold are hard-masked with "N" characters to avoid reference bias (inclusion of a reference base when the true base cannot be accurately determined).

   • This percentage is calculated over the lengths of the reference genome(s), not the final consensus sequence(s) which may be trimmed.

Pre-processing Metrics

This stacked bar plot contains counts of reads that fall into the following categories:

• Removed in Downsampling: Reads that were removed during downsampling because the user specified a downsampling target in the Input Form under Advanced Workflow Settings

• Removed in QC: Reads removed as poor quality reads based on quality thresholds during pre-processing

• Removed as Duplicate: Reads that were labeled as duplicate during short read alignment. Removal of them can be disabled in the Input Form under Advanced Workflow Settings

• Removed in Trimming: Reads that were removed in the initial sequence-based primer trimming step and were excluded from further processing

• Removed in De-hosting: Reads that were filtered out as human reads based on kmer-based classification during pre-processing.

  • This improves the quality of downstream analysis and helps ensure that human sequences are not included in the output BAM files.

  • This is applied only if 'Amplicon Primer Set' was set to 'Custom' in the Input Form.

  • This can be disabled in the Input Form under Advanced Workflow Settings by unchecking "Remove off-target reads".

• Removed as Off-target: Reads that were filtered out as off-target reads based on kmer-based classification during pre-processing

  • Similar de-hosting, this improves the quality of downstream analysis.

  • Off-target is defined as not coming from the target organism, which is determined based on the 'Amplicon Primer Set' selection in the Input Form. For example, if "Influenza A and B, Universal Primers" option is selected, a kmer database generated from a large collection of publicly available Influenza sequences is used to separate reads likely coming from Influenza from the rest.

  • This can be disabled in the Input Form under Advanced Workflow Settings by unchecking "Remove off-target reads".

• Unmapped: Reads that were not aligned to any reference genomes

• Mapped. Reads that were mapped to at least one reference genome

Nextclade Report (optional)

This tab contains tables reporting the results of the Nextclade analysis performed on the generated consensus sequences across all samples. Nextclade is run if the "Enable NextClade" box is checked on the Input Form and one of the following is true:

• 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to a non-custom set with a reference with Nextclade dataset available and a valid consensus sequence was generated.

• 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to 'Custom' and one or more Nextclade datasets are selected under 'Custom Reference'. In this case, each of the selected Nextclade datasets is applied to each consensus sequence generated for every sample. This may result in multiple Nextclade results for each consensus sequence.

Each table contains a "Download CSV" button which allows the user to download the contents of the report as a text CSV file.

All content shown in the tab is derived from the output of the Nextclade software. Please see the Nextclade documentation for more details.

Pangolin Report (optional)

This tab contains tables reporting the results of the Pangolin analysis performed on the generated consensus sequences across all samples. Pangolin is run if the "Enable Pangolin" box is checked on the input form and one of the following is true:

• 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to a non-custom set with SARS-CoV-2 as reference (e.g. SARS-CoV-2, ARTIC v5.4.2 primers) and a valid consensus sequence was generated

• 'Amplicon Primer Set' is set to 'Custom'. In this case, Pangolin is applied to every consensus sequence generated for the sample since the software assumes all of them to be potentially SARS-CoV-2 sequences.

Each table contains a "Download CSV" button which allows the user to download the contents of the report as a text CSV file.

All content shown in the tab is derived from the output of the Pangolin software. Please see the Pangolin documentation for more details.

Flowchart

Pipeline Steps

Possible outcomes

Overview

Summary:

DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus offers a dedicated informatics solution with flexible analysis options for Illumina Infectious Disease and Microbiology target-capture enrichment panel kits. The app delivers easy-to-use, powerful secondary analysis of Illumina sequencing data, with workflows for sample QC, viral WGS (whole-genome sequencing), pathogen detection and quantification, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) marker profiling. It also supports user-defined microorganism reporting thresholds and custom reference sequence analysis.

Supported hybrid-capture enrichment panels:

Input files:

• FASTQ files

• User-defined microorganism reporting file in TSV or XLSX format (optional)

• Custom reference FASTA file (if applicable)

• Custom reference BED file (if applicable)

Demo Data:

The DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus Demo Project includes external control, contrived, and environmental samples prepared using the RPIP, UPIP, RVOP, VSP, and VSP V2 target-capture enrichment kits. Example custom reference sequence FASTA and BED files are also included.

Analysis Pipeline:

(all panels except where noted, (*) indicates applicable to custom reference sequence analysis)

1. Read QC* (optional)

2. Dehosting* (human read removal)

3. Sample QC (sample composition and enrichment factor calculations. Internal control required to calculate the enrichment factor) – RPIP, UPIP, VSP V2

4. Microorganism classification (configurable sensitivity) - RVOP, VSP, VSP V2

5. Microorganism detection (alignment, consensus generation, variant calling)

6. Microorganism quantification (quantitative internal control required) – RPIP, UPIP, VSP V2

7. Microorganism reporting thresholds (proprietary algorithms or user-defined reporting logic)

8. Bacterial AMR marker analysis (nucleotide and protein alignment, consensus generation, variant calling and annotation) – RPIP, UPIP

9. Viral AMR marker analysis (variant calling and annotation) – RPIP, RVOP, VSP, VSP V2

10. Viral clade and lineage prediction (Pangolin, Nextclade) – RPIP, RVOP, VSP, VSP V2

11. Result filters (user-specified filters applied)

12. Reporting*

Output files:

• Analysis-level outputs: XLSX, HTML, ZIP

• Sample-level outputs: JSON, HTML, FASTA (consensus sequences), VCF (viral variants)

Important Notes:

DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus is a secondary analysis tool for research use only. Further interpretation, statistical analysis, and downstream analysis of results may be necessary.

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

How to edit the template file

1. First, we recommend saving the provided template file with a new name

2. Do not add any new columns and do not delete any columns from the template file

3. Do not change or remove any text from the header row. **The "kmer_read_count" metric is only valid with the UPIP enrichment panel.

4. Rows with microorganism names that are not of interest can be deleted. However, the entire tiered reporting group for certain viruses must be included to preserve tiered reporting logic (if desired). Membership in a tiered reporting group means that a hierarchical relationship is pre-built into the database and the most granular tier level passing reporting thresholds is reported. For example, if Influenza B virus (B/Victoria/2/87-like) or Influenza B virus (B/Yamagata/16/88-like) are reported in a sample then the less granular Influenza B virus reporting name will NOT be reported. See the "Has Tiered Reporting" and "Reporting Tier" columns of the "Microorganisms" table in the Panel Summary for RPIP, RVOP/RVEK, VSP, and VSP V2 to select and see which viruses are reported as part of a tiered reporting group.

5. Upload the microorganism reporting file to a BaseSpace Project. **It is only necessary to upload the file once.

6. Select the file by clicking on the "Dataset File(s)" option under the "User-defined specification" section.

Example user-defined microorganism reporting file

See example below for 6 RPIP microorganism reporting names. Prediction logic can be specified on a microorganism-by-microorganism basis using multiple parameters and combinatorial logical expressions.

Custom reference FASTA file:

A custom reference FASTA file containing one or more reference sequences is required to run the custom reference sequence analysis. In the FASTA file, sequence names must be unique and should not contain any spaces. If there is any space in the FASTA header, the part before the first space is assumed to be the sequence name. It is recommended to use only the following in sequence names: alphabets, numbers, underscore (_), hyphen (-), parentheses ((,)), and period (.). Otherwise, the sequence names may appear different in the output. An example custom reference FASTA file is provided in the link below.

To upload a custom reference FASTA file, go to the "Projects" tab and click on the folded paper icon (representing File) to reveal a dropdown menu. Click on "Upload" and select "Files". Within the upload page, select "Other" format for FASTA files, and upload the file as a Biosample. Within the DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus app, under "Custom panel specification" use the "Custom reference FASTA for consensus generation" control to select the uploaded FASTA file.

Custom reference BED file (optional):

Optionally, a custom reference BED file may also be provided. Sequence names must match between the FASTA file and BED file, and the same set of sequences must appear in both files. If there are multiple viruses, their names should be unique. For example, if there are multiple Influenza genomes, they should not be labeled with the same virus name in the 4th column.

The BED file controls how sequences are grouped and labeled in the output. If the custom reference FASTA file includes sequences from multiple segments of a viral genome, it is recommended to provide a BED file so that the segments are included under the results of that microorganism.

The BED file must be tab-delimited with at least 4 columns:

1. chrom: the sequence name as it appears in the FASTA

2. chromStart: start position (always set to 0)

3. chromEnd: end position (sequence length)

4. genomeName: name of the genome, target, or microorganism the sequence belongs to (e.g. Monkeypox virus clade II)

5. segmentName (optional): the name of the segment or gene (e.g. Segment 4 (HA)). Set to 'Full' if the sequence is the full genome

Example custom reference BED file:

NC_012532.1	0	10794	Zika	Full
KJ609203.1	0	2292	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 1 (PB2)
KJ609204.1	0	2304	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 2 (PB1)
KJ609205.1	0	2168	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 3 (PA+PA-X)
KJ609206.1	0	1727	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 4 (HA)
KJ609207.1	0	1530	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 5 (NP)
KJ609208.1	0	1441	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 6 (NA)
KJ609209.1	0	1001	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 7 (M1+M2)
KJ609210.1	0	866	Influenza A virus (A/Perth/16/2009(H3N2))	Segment 8 (NS1+NEP)
MK239128.1	0	2316	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 1 (PB2)
MK239126.1	0	2316	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 2 (PB1)
MK239124.1	0	2208	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 3 (PA+PA-X)
MK239073.1	0	1737	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 4 (HA)
MK239074.1	0	1540	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 5 (NP)
MK239123.1	0	1441	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 6 (NA)
MK239125.1	0	1002	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 7 (M1+M2)
MK239127.1	0	865	Influenza A virus (A/Iowa/38/2017(H3N2v))	Segment 8 (NS1+NEP)

To upload a custom reference BED file, go to the "Projects" tab and click on the folded paper icon (representing File) to reveal a dropdown menu. Click on "Upload" and select "Files". Within the upload page, select "Other" format for BED files, and upload the file as a Biosample. Within the DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus App, under "Custom panel specification" use the "Custom reference BED (optional)" dropdown to select the uploaded BED file.

Pangolin custom analysis behavior:

For Custom Panel analyses, Pangolin is enabled and will run on custom reference sequences with at least 3% coverage that meet these naming conventions:

• If only a FASTA file is provided, Pangolin will run on sequences that have a header containing either SARS-CoV-2 or NC_045512

• If both a FASTA and BED file are provided, Pangolin will run on sequences where the first column (chrom) contains NC_045512 or the fourth column (genomeName) contains SARS-CoV-2

Nextclade custom analysis behavior:

For Custom Panel analyses, Nextclade is disabled and will not be run. Do not enable Nextclade.

Sample-level output files

Analysis-level output files

Pipeline steps

Illumina Respiratory Pathogen ID/AMR Enrichment Panel Kit (RPIP)

Application note:

Application note:

Technical note:

Illumina Urinary Pathogen ID/AMR Enrichment Panel Kit (UPIP)

Genomics Research Hub (GRH) article:

Data sheet:

UPIP ID Week Scientific Poster:

Illumina Respiratory Virus Oligo Panel / Respiratory Virus Enrichment Kit (RVOP / RVEK)

Application note:

Application note:

Application note:

Illumina Viral Surveillance Panel (VSP)

Illumina Viral Surveillance Panel V2 (VSP V2)

🚩 Release notes

DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus app version 1.1.0

Component versions

• Test type, version:

  • RPIP 6.5.1

  • UPIP 8.6.0

  • RVOP 2.7.0

  • VSP 2.7.0

  • VSPv2 2.7.0

  • Custom 1.0.0

• Analysis Pipeline version: 6.3.12

• DRAGEN version: 4.3.11

Third-party versions

• Pangolin 4.3.1 (Pangolin database PUSHER version 1.27)

• Nextclade 3.5.0

• SnpEff 5.1

• ResFinder (version 2.2.1)

• NCBI Reference Gene Catalog (version 2023-09-26.1)

• EUCAST expert rules on indicator agents (2019-2023)

• CLSI Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (M100 34th Edition)

• Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database (CARD, version 3.2.8)

• Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database Prevalence Data (CARD Prevalence, version 4.0.1)

• World Health Organization (WHO) Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) and polymerase acidic protein inhibitor (PAI) Reduced Susceptibility Marker Tables (07 March 2023 version)

Key updates

• Various bug fixes (see below)

• Tiered reporting added for Norovirus (GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, GIX) and Dengue virus (type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4)

• Tiered reporting suppressed for below subtype resolution of Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2

• Nextclade datasets added for Measles virus (MV) and Dengue virus (DENV) clade assignment

• Reference genomes added for Monkeypox virus (MPV) Clade 1b

• Additional database curation

Known issues

• When reading Biosamples from a Project, Fastq files for Biosamples sharing the same sample name prefix before the first underscore are merged. For example, Fastq files for Biosamples PREFIX_001 and PREFIX_002 will be merged and reported as a single PREFIX sample. To avoid this error, ensure that sample names are unique before the first underscore, replace underscores with a hyphen, or provide Biosample input from a list

• Coverage results for SARS-CoV-2 are slightly (<1%) over-estimated, which may result in coverage >100% due to an error accounting for masked polyA-tail bases

• Viral genome consensus sequence bases without aligned read support are indicated by "X" bases rather than "N" bases for RPIP viruses except SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza viruses

Known limitations

• When providing Biosample input from a list, 99 associated Fastq files is the maximum allowed per analysis. There is no Fastq file limitation when reading Biosamples from a Project

• In strains containing insertion-deletion mutations (indels), there is a risk of false positive or false negative results for other resistance mutations within a region of 100 nucleotides around the indel

• In strains containing long insertion-deletion mutations (indels), there is a risk of false negative results for two large vAMR-associated deletion mutations (RPIP, VSPv2) and one large bAMR-associated insertion mutation (RPIP). Long indels may be incorrectly reported as other variant types, such as frameshift mutations

• Small differences in SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza virus results may be observed between repeat analyses

Bug fixes

• Nextclade parsing errors for some samples

• Custom reference sequence analysis not functional in non-US regions

• User-defined microorganism reporting feature not reporting microorganisms that belong to a tiered reporting group when “prediction_logic” column set to “default”

• RPKM and absolute quantity metrics inaccurate when read QC disabled

• SHV beta-lactamase AMR markers incorrectly reported as carbapenemases based on a known curation error in CARD version 3.2.8

• Reads duplicated for samples with a single FASTQ file

• Empty FASTQ files abort analysis

• Pangolin not run on all samples with SARS-CoV-2 detected

• Viral genome coverage plots not rendered for segmented viruses when all segments not detected

• Description information missing for some viral genome accessions

DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus app version 1.0.0

Initial release.

Component versions

• Test type, version:

  • RPIP 6.3.0

  • UPIP 8.4.0

  • RVOP 2.3.0

  • VSP 2.3.0

  • VSPv2 2.3.0

  • Custom 1.0.0

• Analysis Pipeline version: 6.3.12

• DRAGEN version: 4.3.6

Third-party versions

• Pangolin 4.3.1 (Pangolin data 1.27)

• Nextclade 3.5.0

• SnpEff 5.1

• ResFinder (version 2.2.1)

• NCBI Reference Gene Catalog (version 2023-09-26.1)

• EUCAST expert rules on indicator agents (2019-2023)

• CLSI Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (M100 34th Edition)

• Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database (CARD, version 3.2.8)

• Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database Prevalence Data (CARD Prevalence, version 4.0.1)

• World Health Organization (WHO) Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) and polymerase acidic protein inhibitor (PAI) Reduced Susceptibility Marker Tables (07 March 2023 version)

Key updates

• Updated and expanded microorganism and bacterial AMR marker databases

• Updated and expanded Influenza virus typing capability and antiviral resistance (AVR) reporting

• User-defined microorganism reporting list and reporting thresholds

• Below threshold reporting for microorganisms and/or AMR markers

• Custom reference sequence analysis

Known issues

• When reading Biosamples from a Project, Fastq files for Biosamples sharing the same sample name prefix before the first underscore are merged. For example, Fastq files for Biosamples PREFIX_001 and PREFIX_002 will be merged and reported as a single PREFIX sample. To avoid this error, ensure that sample names are unique before the first underscore, replace underscores with a hyphen, or provide Biosample input from a list

• Reads are duplicated for samples with a single FASTQ file

• Empty FASTQ files will abort analysis

• Nextclade may encounter a parsing error for some samples. If an analysis fails, try re-running the analysis with Nextclade disabled

• Pangolin may not be run on all samples with SARS-COV-2 detected

• Custom reference sequence analysis is not functional in non-US regions

• The user-defined microorganism reporting feature does not report microorganisms that belong to a tiered reporting group when the “prediction_logic” column is set to “default”. See the User Guide for further information about microorganism tiered reporting

• RPKM and absolute quantity metrics are inaccurate when read QC is disabled

• SHV beta-lactamase AMR markers are incorrectly reported as carbapenemases based on a known curation error in CARD version 3.2.8

• Coverage results for SARS-CoV-2 are slightly (<1%) over-estimated, which may result in coverage >100% due to an error accounting for masked polyA-tail bases

• Viral genome consensus sequence bases without aligned read support are indicated by "X" bases rather than "N" bases for RPIP viruses except SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza viruses

Known limitations

• When providing Biosample input from a list, 99 associated Fastq files is the maximum allowed per analysis. There is no Fastq file limitation when reading Biosamples from a Project

• Small differences in results may be observed between repeat analyses

• In strains containing insertion-deletion mutations (indels), there is a risk of false positive or false negative results for other resistance mutations within a region of 100 nucleotides around the indel

• In strains containing long insertion-deletion mutations (indels), there is a risk of false negative results for two large vAMR-associated deletion mutations (RPIP, VSPv2) and one large bAMR-associated insertion mutation (RPIP). Long indels may be incorrectly reported as other variant types, such as frameshift mutations

• The RPIP, VSPv2, VSPv1, and RVOP Data Analysis solutions can report Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 to a below-subtype resolution. Multiple results for H1N1 and/or H3N2 may be reported concurrently, particularly in samples that contain a mixture of Influenza A virus subtypes

• Viral genome coverage plots are not rendered for segmented viruses when all segments are not detected

• Description information is missing for some viral genome accessions

The DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus app outputs a comprehensive sample-level report.json file containing general metadata, version information, sample QC, microorganism, and AMR marker results, as well as detailed test information. The additional convenience file formats generated by the DRAGEN Microbial Enrichment Plus app do not contain novel content.

(*) indicates results generated by the application layer as opposed to the DRAGEN secondary analysis pipeline

Top-Level Node

The top-level section of the report JSON contains general metadata and version information.

.qcReport.sampleQc Node

This section contains information about sample quality control (QC). The fields are relative to .qcReport.sampleQc

.qcReport.enrichmentFactor Node

This section contains information about the enrichment factor calculation and is relevant to RPIP, UPIP, and VSP V2 only. Detection of an appropriate Internal Control is required. The fields are relative to .qcReport.enrichmentFactor

.qcReport.sampleComposition Node

This section contains information about the composition of the sample and is provided for RPIP, UPIP, and VSP V2 only. The fields are relative to .qcReport.sampleComposition

.qcReport.internalControls Node

This section contains information about internal control detection and is relevant to RPIP, UPIP, and VSP V2 only. The value of the .qcReport.internalControls field is an array of objects containing name and RPKM information for each Internal Control. See the code block below for an example:

.userOptions Node

This section gives information about analysis options specified by the user. The fields are relative to .userOptions

.targetReport.microorganisms[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.microorganisms[] field is an array of objects containing information about detected microorganisms. The following table describes one .targetReport.microorganisms[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.microorganisms[]

.targetReport.microorganisms[].predictionInformation[].relatedMicroorganisms[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.microorganisms[].predictionInformation[].relatedMicroorganisms[] field is an array of objects containing information about genetically related microorganisms. The following table describes one .targetReport.microorganisms[].predictionInformation[].relatedMicroorganisms[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.microorganisms[].predictionInformation[].relatedMicroorganisms[]

.targetReport.microorganisms[].variants[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.microorganisms[].variants[] field is an array of objects containing information about viral variants for all RVOP/RVEK, VSP, and VSP V2 viruses, RPIP: SARS-CoV-2 & FluA/B/C only. The following table describes one .targetReport.microorganisms[].variants[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.microorganisms[].variants[]

.targetReport.microorganisms[].pangoLineage[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.microorganisms[].pangoLineage[] field is an array of objects containing information about SARS-CoV-2 Pango lineage prediction results. The following table describes one .targetReport.microorganisms[].pangoLineage[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.microorganisms[].pangoLineage[].

.targetReport.microorganisms[].nextclade[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.microorganisms[].nextclade[] field is an array of objects containing information about viral clade assignment results for applicable viruses. The following table describes one .targetReport.microorganisms[].nextclade[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.microorganisms[].nextclade[].

.targetReport.amrMarkers[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.amrMarkers[] field is an array of objects containing information about detected bacterial AMR markers. The following table describes one .targetReport.amrMarkers[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.amrMarkers[]

.targetReport.amrMarkers[].variants[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.amrMarkers[].variants[] field is an array of objects containing information about variants for bacterial AMR markers with "protein variant" or "rRNA variant" model types. The following table describes one .targetReport.amrMarkers[].variants[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.amrMarkers[].variants[]

.targetReport.customReferences[] Node

This section contains information about custom reference detection results and is only present for custom database analyses. When only a custom reference FASTA file is provided (no BED file), each .targetReport.customReferences[] object contains information for a single reference sequence. When both a FASTA and BED file are provided, each .targetReport.customReferences[] object contains information for a single genome/microorganism, which can be a collection of one or more reference sequences. The fields are relative to .targetReport.customReferences[]

.targetReport.customReferences[].consensusSequences[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.customReferences[].consensusSequences[] field is an array of objects containing majority consensus sequence information for a single custom reference sequence. When only a FASTA file is provided (no BED file), there will be only one object in the array. When both a FASTA and BED file are provided, there may be more than one object in the array. The fields are relative to .targetReport.customReferences[].consensusSequences[]

.targetReport.customReferences[].variants[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.customReferences[].variants[] field is an array of objects containing information about a single detected variant. The fields are relative to .targetReport.customReferences[].variants[]

.targetReport.customReferences[].pangoLineage[] Node

The value of the .targetReport.customReferences[].pangoLineage[] field is an array of objects containing information about SARS-CoV-2 Pango lineage prediction results. The following table describes one .targetReport.customReferences[].pangoLineage[] object. The fields are relative to .targetReport.customReferences[].pangoLineage[]